How to Supercharge Your Gardenias with Coffee Ground Fertilizer

Fertilize gardenias with coffee grounds by applying them directly to the soil around the plant. Gardenias benefit from the acidity and nutrient content of coffee grounds, which can improve soil quality and promote healthier plant growth.

Gardenias, known for their beautiful and fragrant flowers, require proper care and nutrition to thrive. One effective way to fertilize gardenias is by using coffee grounds. Coffee grounds contain valuable nutrients like nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus, which can enhance the fertility of the soil and support the plant’s growth.

Additionally, the acidity of coffee grounds aligns with the pH preferences of gardenias, making it an optimal choice for fertilization. By simply applying coffee grounds directly to the soil around your gardenia plant, you can provide it with the essential nutrients it needs for vibrant blooms and healthy foliage.

Benefits Of Coffee Ground Fertilizer For Gardenias

Coffee ground fertilizer provides numerous benefits for gardenias, serving as a natural source of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The grounds also improve soil structure, retain moisture, and deter pests, resulting in healthier and more vibrant gardenia plants.

Coffee grounds are not only a great companion for your morning cup of joe, but they also offer numerous benefits when used as a fertilizer for gardenias. This natural and cost-effective solution can enhance soil fertility and structure, provide essential nutrients for plant growth, and improve water retention and drainage for healthier gardenias.

Enhances Soil Fertility And Structure:

  • Coffee grounds act as an organic matter, enriching the soil with valuable nutrients and humus.
  • They promote microbial activity in the soil, which aids in breaking down organic material and releasing nutrients for better plant absorption.
  • The decomposition of coffee grounds improves soil structure by increasing aeration and promoting the formation of aggregate particles.
  • This enhanced soil fertility and structure create a favorable environment for gardenias to establish strong root systems and thrive.

Provides Essential Nutrients For Plant Growth:

  • Coffee grounds contain essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which are vital for plant growth and development.
  • Nitrogen, present in significant quantities in coffee grounds, promotes lush foliage and vibrant green leaves.
  • Phosphorus aids in root development, flowering, and fruit production, ensuring healthy gardenias with abundant blooms.
  • Potassium enhances overall plant health, providing better resistance to diseases and stress factors.

Improves Water Retention And Drainage:

  • Coffee grounds have the ability to enhance water retention in the soil, preventing excessive drying out and increasing the moisture availability for gardenias.
  • They act as a natural sponge, absorbing and holding moisture, particularly beneficial in dry climates or during extended periods without rainfall.
  • Additionally, coffee grounds can improve soil drainage by loosening compacted soil, allowing excess water to drain away and preventing waterlogging, which can lead to root rot.

Using coffee grounds as fertilizer for your gardenias is an eco-friendly and economical way to provide them with the necessary nutrients while improving the overall soil quality. By incorporating this natural and easily accessible resource into your gardening routine, you can promote healthier and more vibrant gardenias that will be the envy of the neighborhood.

Embrace the benefits of coffee ground fertilizer and watch your gardenias thrive!

How Coffee Grounds Release Nutrients

Coffee grounds are a natural fertilizer for gardenias, releasing essential nutrients to promote healthy growth. Embracing coffee grounds in your gardening routine can nourish your gardenias, providing them with the nourishment they need to flourish.

Coffee grounds can be a valuable source of nutrients for gardenias, thanks to their nutrient composition and the decomposition process they undergo. Understanding how coffee grounds release nutrients is key to supporting the growth and health of your gardenias. Let’s explore the decomposition process, the nutrient composition in coffee grounds, and the factors that affect the release of these nutrients.

Decomposition Process

Understanding the decomposition process of coffee grounds allows you to harness their potential benefits for gardenias. Here’s an overview of this process:

  • Microbial activity: Coffee grounds contain a variety of organic matter, including carbohydrates and proteins. Microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, break down these compounds during the decomposition process.
  • Carbon to nitrogen ratio: Coffee grounds have a relatively high carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, which means they are considered a high-carbon material. This ratio can impact the speed at which coffee grounds decompose.
  • Temperature and moisture: Adequate moisture and temperature levels play a crucial role in the decomposition process. The presence of moisture enables the microorganisms to thrive, while temperature affects their activity level.

Nutrient Composition In Coffee Grounds

Coffee grounds boast a nutrient-rich composition that can benefit your gardenias. Here are the key nutrients found in coffee grounds:

  • Nitrogen: Coffee grounds are a significant source of nitrogen, a vital nutrient for plant growth. Nitrogen promotes foliage development and overall plant vigor.
  • Potassium: Another essential nutrient in coffee grounds is potassium. Potassium contributes to root development, disease resistance, and flower production in gardenias.
  • Phosphorus: Coffee grounds also contain phosphorus, which aids in root development, energy transfer, and flower formation.
  • Trace elements: Besides the primary nutrients, coffee grounds also provide trace elements like magnesium, calcium, and sulfur, which support various metabolic processes within gardenias.

Factors Affecting The Release Of Nutrients

Several factors influence the release of nutrients from coffee grounds. Consider the following:

  • Decomposition stage: The nutrient availability in coffee grounds increases as the decomposition process progresses. Fresh coffee grounds may take longer to release their nutrients compared to partially decomposed grounds.
  • Organic matter mix: Blending coffee grounds with other organic matter, such as compost or leaf litter, can enhance nutrient release and provide a balanced nutrient profile for your gardenias.
  • Soil pH: Coffee grounds have a slightly acidic pH, which can naturally help lower soil pH levels. However, if your gardenias prefer a more acidic environment, coffee grounds can contribute to maintaining the desired pH range.
  • Application method: The way you apply coffee grounds can impact nutrient release. Incorporating coffee grounds into the soil or composting them with other organic matter allows gradual nutrient release.

Understanding the decomposition process, nutrient composition, and factors affecting nutrient release from coffee grounds will empower you to effectively fertilize your gardenias. Harness the power of coffee grounds to provide your plants with the nutrients they need for optimal growth and vitality.

Collecting And Storing Coffee Grounds

Looking for an organic way to fertilize your gardenias? Consider collecting and storing coffee grounds. This natural additive adds nutrients to the soil, promoting healthy growth and vibrant blooms.

Gardenias are beautiful and delicate flowering plants that require proper care to thrive. One effective way to provide them with the nutrients they need is by using coffee grounds as a natural fertilizer. Not only does this help to promote healthy growth and vibrant blooms, but it also serves as a sustainable and eco-friendly gardening practice.

In this section, we will explore the proper methods of collecting and storing coffee grounds for later use in fertilizing your gardenias.

Proper Collection Methods:

  • Coffee shops and cafes: Many coffee shops and cafes are happy to give away their used coffee grounds. Consider visiting your local establishments and asking if they have any available for your gardening needs.
  • Home brewing: If you’re an avid coffee drinker and brew your own coffee at home, collecting coffee grounds becomes even easier. Simply save the used coffee grounds after brewing and add them to your gardenias when needed.

Storing Coffee Grounds For Later Use:

  • Air-tight containers: Once you have collected coffee grounds, it’s important to store them properly to maintain their freshness and prevent any odors. Use air-tight containers such as sealed plastic bags or glass jars with tight-fitting lids.
  • Cool, dark location: Coffee grounds should be stored in a cool and dark location, away from direct sunlight and excessive heat. Consider storing them in a pantry or in a cabinet away from the stove or oven.
  • Labeling and dating: To keep track of your coffee grounds, it’s helpful to label and date the containers. This allows you to know when the coffee grounds were collected and helps you use them in a timely manner.
  • Use within a few weeks: Coffee grounds are most effective when used fresh, so try to use them within a few weeks of collecting. By doing so, you ensure that your gardenias receive the maximum benefit from the nutrients present in the coffee grounds.

Collecting and storing coffee grounds is a crucial step towards fertilizing your gardenias effectively. By following these methods, you can ensure that you always have a readily available supply of coffee grounds to provide the necessary nutrients for your beautiful gardenias.

So, go ahead and start collecting those used coffee grounds, and see the difference it makes in the health and vibrancy of your gardenias!

Creating A Balanced Coffee Ground Fertilizer Mix

Fertilizing gardenias with coffee grounds is a smart way to provide a balanced mix of nutrients. Coffee grounds add organic matter and increase acidity, promoting healthy growth and vibrant blooms.

Are you looking to give your gardenias a natural boost? Coffee grounds can be a fantastic organic fertilizer for these beautiful plants. By combining coffee grounds with other organic materials, you can create a balanced fertilizer mix that will provide the necessary nutrients for your gardenias to thrive.

Here’s how:

Mixing Coffee Grounds With Other Organic Materials:

  • Grass clippings: Mix equal parts coffee grounds and grass clippings to create a nutrient-rich concoction for your gardenias. This combination provides a balanced mix of nitrogen and carbon, promoting healthy growth.
  • Pruned leaves: Combine coffee grounds with pruned leaves to enhance the fertility of your soil. This mixture adds a good amount of organic matter, improving soil structure and moisture retention.
  • Eggshells: Crushed eggshells mixed with coffee grounds can contribute additional calcium to the soil. Calcium plays a vital role in preventing blossom-end rot in gardenias and promoting overall plant health.
  • Vegetable scraps: Incorporating vegetable scraps into your coffee ground fertilizer mix helps create a well-rounded blend of essential nutrients. This mixture boosts the overall fertility of the soil, benefiting the growth and development of gardenias.
  • Wood ash: Mixing coffee grounds with wood ash can provide your gardenias with potassium, which supports strong root development and enhances flowering. However, be cautious not to add too much wood ash, as it can alter the pH level of the soil.

Ideal Compost Ratios For Gardenias:

  • Coffee grounds : Grass clippings : Pruned leaves = 2:1:1: Achieving the ideal compost ratio for gardenias involves combining two parts coffee grounds with one part grass clippings and one part pruned leaves. This combination ensures a well-balanced fertilizer mix, rich in organic matter and essential nutrients.
  • Coffee grounds : Eggshells = 2:1: Incorporating two parts coffee grounds with one part crushed eggshells provides gardenias with a good dose of both nitrogen and calcium, promoting healthy growth and preventing blossom-end rot.
  • Coffee grounds : Vegetable scraps = 2:1: Combining two parts coffee grounds with one part vegetable scraps helps create a nutrient-rich compost that supports the overall fertility of the soil. This ratio ensures a well-rounded mix of essential nutrients for your gardenias.
  • Coffee grounds : Wood ash = 2:1: Incorporating two parts coffee grounds with one part wood ash provides gardenias with potassium, which is crucial for root development and flowering. Remember to use wood ash in small amounts to avoid altering the pH levels of the soil.

By creating a balanced coffee ground fertilizer mix with these organic materials, you can provide your gardenias with the nutrients they need to flourish. Experiment with different ratios to find the perfect blend for your gardenias, ensuring their health and beauty all season long.

Understanding The Right Amount

Discover the ideal amount for fertilizing your gardenias with coffee grounds for thriving growth and vibrant blooms. Learn simple tips to nourish your gardenias and enhance their health naturally.

Determining the appropriate quantity:

  • Start by sprinkling a thin layer of coffee grounds around the base of your gardenias, ensuring that you cover the soil evenly. This will provide a slow release of nutrients over time.
  • Use approximately 1/4 to 1/2 cup of coffee grounds per plant, depending on the size and age of your gardenias.
  • Monitor how your gardenias respond to the coffee grounds. If you notice any signs of over-fertilization, such as yellowing leaves or wilting, reduce the amount of coffee grounds you use.

Avoiding over-fertilization:

  • It is important to avoid over-fertilizing your gardenias with coffee grounds. Too much nitrogen from excessive coffee grounds can lead to burnt foliage and inhibit flower production.
  • Remember that coffee grounds are a supplemental fertilizer and should not replace a balanced fertilizer. Use them in conjunction with regular fertilizers to ensure a well-rounded nutrient supply for your plants.
  • Pay attention to the overall health and growth of your gardenias. If they start showing negative reactions to the coffee grounds, such as stunted growth or leaf discoloration, scale back on the amount you’re applying.

By understanding the right amount of coffee grounds to use and avoiding over-fertilization, you can provide your gardenias with the nutrients they need without causing harm. Observing your plants closely and making adjustments accordingly will lead to healthy and thriving gardenias in your garden.

Proper Application Techniques

Learn the correct technique for fertilizing gardenias with coffee grounds to ensure optimal growth. These guidelines will help you apply the grounds effectively for healthy and flourishing gardenias.

To ensure that your gardenias receive the maximum benefits from coffee grounds, it’s essential to apply them correctly. Here are two effective techniques you can use: direct soil application and brewing coffee ground tea for foliar application.

Direct Soil Application:

  • Start by collecting used coffee grounds from your daily brew or local coffee shops.
  • Spread the coffee grounds around the base of the gardenia plant, creating a thin layer of about half an inch.
  • Be careful not to pile the grounds directly against the plant’s stem, as this can lead to excessive moisture and potential rotting.
  • Gently work the coffee grounds into the top layer of the soil using a rake or hand tool.
  • Water the gardenias thoroughly after applying the coffee grounds to ensure they are properly incorporated into the soil.
  • Repeat this process every few months during the growing season to continually supply nutrients to the plant.

Brewing Coffee Ground Tea For Foliar Application:

  • Collect coffee grounds and steep them in a container of water for about 24 hours.
  • Use a ratio of one cup of coffee grounds to one gallon of water, adjusting as needed for larger or smaller quantities.
  • After the 24-hour steeping period, strain the liquid to remove any solids, and transfer it to a spray bottle or sprayer.
  • Apply the brewed coffee ground tea directly to the foliage of the gardenia plants, making sure to cover both the tops and undersides of the leaves.
  • It’s best to apply the tea in the early morning or late evening to prevent burning the foliage in direct sunlight.
  • Repeat this foliar application every two to three weeks during the active growing season, ensuring that the gardenias receive a nutrient boost throughout.

By following these proper application techniques, you can effectively fertilize your gardenias with coffee grounds and provide them with the essential nutrients needed for healthy growth. Whether you choose direct soil application or brewing coffee ground tea for foliar application, these methods will aid in enhancing the vigor and overall beauty of your gardenia plants.


Monitoring Plant Health And Growth

Looking to enhance the health and growth of your gardenias? Discover the benefits of fertilizing with coffee grounds, a natural and cost-effective solution for promoting plant vitality.

Significance Of Regular Observation:

Regularly monitoring the health and growth of your gardenias is essential to ensure that they thrive. By observing your plants on a regular basis, you can catch any potential issues early on and take the necessary steps to address them.

Here’s why regular observation is so important:

  • Early detection of problems: Regularly monitoring your gardenias allows you to identify any signs of nutrient deficiency or excess, pests, diseases, or other issues that might be affecting their health. Catching these problems early on can significantly increase your chances of successfully resolving them.
  • Optimal nutrient balance: By observing your gardenias, you can ensure that they are receiving the right amount of nutrients. Coffee grounds provide a natural source of nitrogen, which is beneficial for gardenias. However, excessive use can lead to nitrogen toxicity. Regular observation allows you to determine if your plants are receiving too much or too little of the nutrients they need, helping you make any necessary adjustments.
  • Adjusting care and maintenance practices: Monitoring your gardenias allows you to assess whether your current care and maintenance practices are effective. If you notice any signs of stress or decline, you can make necessary changes to watering, fertilizing, pruning, or other care routines, ensuring that your gardenias receive the optimal conditions for growth.

Identifying signs of nutrient deficiency or excess:

Regular observation of your gardenias can help you identify signs of nutrient deficiency or excess. Here are some common indicators to look out for:

  • Yellowing leaves: Yellow leaves can be a sign of various issues, including nutrient deficiencies. Monitor the overall color of your gardenia’s foliage, as well as any changes or patterns of yellowing that develop.
  • Stunted growth: If your gardenias are not growing as expected or seem to be stagnating, it could be a sign of nutrient deficiency. Pay attention to their overall size and compare it to their growth in previous months.
  • Leaf discoloration or browning: Colors other than green, such as brown or purple, can indicate nutrient imbalances. Monitor the color and condition of your gardenia’s leaves closely.
  • Leaf drop: Excessive leaf drop, where your gardenias shed leaves beyond their normal cycle, can indicate stress or nutrient deficiencies. Keep track of any significant leaf loss.
  • Abnormal flower production: If your gardenias are not producing flowers or the blooms are small and unimpressive, it may be a sign of nutrient deficiencies. Observe the quality and quantity of flowers your gardenias produce.

Regular observation is key to maintaining the health and growth of your gardenias. By identifying signs of nutrient deficiency or excess early on, you can address these issues promptly and ensure that your gardenias continue to thrive. Remember to monitor their overall appearance, leaf color, growth, and flower production regularly to keep your gardenias in optimal condition.

Additional Considerations And Recommendations

To fertilize gardenias with coffee grounds, it is important to consider a few additional factors. Make sure to use organic coffee grounds, mix them into the soil, and avoid over-application. Additionally, regular watering and monitoring the plant’s health are recommended.

When it comes to fertilizing your gardenias with coffee grounds, there are a few additional considerations and recommendations to keep in mind. By balancing coffee ground fertilization with other fertilizers and timing the application based on the gardenia’s growth stages, you can promote healthy growth and vibrant blooms.

Here’s what you need to know:

Balancing Coffee Ground Fertilization With Other Fertilizers:

  • Utilize a combination of coffee grounds and traditional fertilizers to ensure a well-rounded nutrient supply for your gardenias.
  • Combine coffee grounds with nitrogen-rich fertilizers to provide the necessary nutrients for healthy foliage growth.
  • Incorporate phosphorous and potassium-rich fertilizers to promote root development and flower blooming.
  • Remember to follow the recommended guidelines for each type of fertilizer to avoid over-fertilizing, which can damage gardenias.

Timing And Frequency Of Application Based On Gardenia’S Growth Stages:

  • Apply coffee grounds and other fertilizers during the gardenia’s active growing season, typically spring to early fall.
  • Start fertilizing when new growth appears in spring and continue every six to eight weeks until late summer.
  • Avoid fertilizing gardenias during their dormant period in winter, as this can lead to nutrient buildup and potential damage.
  • Adjust the frequency and amount of coffee ground application based on your gardenia’s specific needs and response to fertilization.

Remember, overfeeding your gardenias can be as detrimental as underfeeding them. Pay attention to their response to the fertilizers and make adjustments accordingly. By using a balanced approach and closely monitoring their growth stages, you can enhance the overall health and beauty of your gardenias.

Nutrient Imbalances And Deficiencies

Gardenias can suffer from nutrient imbalances and deficiencies, but fertilizing them with coffee grounds can help provide the necessary nutrients for healthy growth. Coffee grounds are rich in nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus, which are essential for the overall health and blooming of gardenias.

Gardenias are beautiful and delicate plants that require specific nutrients to thrive. While coffee grounds can be a great organic fertilizer, it’s essential to understand potential nutrient imbalances and deficiencies that may arise. By recognizing the symptoms and adjusting the coffee ground fertilizer mix accordingly, you can ensure your gardenias receive the optimal nutrition they need.

Recognizing The Symptoms

To identify nutrient imbalances and deficiencies in your gardenias, keep an eye out for the following signs:

  • Yellowing leaves: Chlorosis, or yellow discoloration, can indicate nutrient deficiencies such as nitrogen, iron, or magnesium.
  • Stunted growth: If your gardenias aren’t growing as vigorously as they should, it could be a sign of inadequate phosphorus or potassium levels.
  • Poor flowering: Insufficient phosphorus may result in fewer or smaller blooms on your gardenias.
  • Leaf curling or distortion: A lack of micronutrients such as zinc, iron, or manganese can lead to abnormal leaf development.
  • Leaf drop: Nutrient imbalances, particularly nitrogen deficiency, can cause leaves to become brittle and fall off prematurely.

Adjusting The Coffee Ground Fertilizer Mix Accordingly

Now that you’re able to identify nutrient imbalances and deficiencies, it’s time to adjust your coffee ground fertilizer mix. Here’s how you can do it effectively:

  • Nitrogen boost: If your gardenia’s leaves appear pale or yellow, increase the nitrogen content in your coffee ground fertilizer mix.
  • Enhance phosphorus and potassium: To promote healthy growth and robust flowering, consider adding phosphorus and potassium-rich organic fertilizers, like bone meal or wood ash, along with coffee grounds.
  • Micronutrients supplementation: If leaf curling or distortion is evident, supplement your coffee ground fertilizer with micronutrients like chelated iron, zinc sulfate, or manganese sulfate.
  • Balanced ratio: Ensure that the ratio of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), also known as NPK, is balanced in your coffee ground fertilizer mix to prevent imbalances or deficiencies.

Remember, gardenias have specific nutritional needs, and effectively adjusting the coffee ground fertilizer mix will help provide them with the right balance of nutrients. Regular observation, careful adjustment, and proper maintenance will result in healthy and flourishing gardenias.

how to supercharge your gardenias with coffee ground fertilizer
How To Supercharge Your Gardenias With Coffee Ground Fertilizer 4

Credit: gardenerspath.com

Addressing Potential Ph Issues

To address potential pH issues when fertilizing gardenias with coffee grounds, it is important to test the soil’s acidity levels and make adjustments accordingly. Coffee grounds can be used as a natural acidic fertilizer to keep gardenias thriving and healthy.

Effects Of Coffee Grounds On Soil Ph:

  • Coffee grounds are known for their acidic nature, which can have both positive and negative effects on soil pH.
  • Adding coffee grounds to the soil can initially lower the pH levels due to their high acid content.
  • The acid in coffee grounds can help reduce alkalinity in soils that are too basic, making them more suitable for gardenia growth.
  • However, excessive use of coffee grounds can lead to overly acidic soil, which is not optimal for gardenias.

Adjusting Ph Levels For Optimal Gardenia Growth:

  • Testing the soil pH is essential before using coffee grounds as fertilizers for gardenias.
  • If the soil is too acidic for gardenia growth, you can adjust the pH by adding lime or wood ashes, which are alkaline substances.
  • Conversely, if the soil is too alkaline, you can use sulfur or elemental sulfur to lower the pH levels gradually.
  • Adding organic matter such as compost can help buffer the soil, preventing drastic changes in pH.
  • It is important to monitor the pH levels regularly and make adjustments as needed to create an optimal growing environment for gardenias.

Remember, while coffee grounds can be beneficial for gardenias, moderation is key. Always check the soil pH and make adjustments accordingly to ensure your gardenias thrive in the best conditions.

Frequently Asked Questions On How To Fertilize Gardenias With Coffee Grounds

Can Coffee Grounds Be Used As Fertilizer For Gardenias?

Yes, coffee grounds can be used as a fertilizer for gardenias. They are rich in nitrogen, which promotes leafy growth and vibrant blooms. Coffee grounds also help to lower the soil’s pH level, which is beneficial for acid-loving plants like gardenias.

How Should I Apply Coffee Grounds To Gardenias?

To apply coffee grounds as fertilizer, simply sprinkle them around the base of the gardenia plant, avoiding direct contact with the stems or leaves. Mix the coffee grounds into the top layer of soil and water thoroughly. Repeat this process every few weeks during the growing season for best results.

What Other Benefits Do Coffee Grounds Offer To Gardenias?

Aside from providing nutrients, coffee grounds can also improve soil drainage and water retention, prevent weed growth, and attract beneficial earthworms to your garden. These additional benefits make coffee grounds a great choice for overall plant health and garden maintenance.

Can I Use Coffee Grounds From A Coffee Maker?

Yes, you can use coffee grounds from a coffee maker as fertilizer for gardenias. It’s important to note that used coffee grounds are preferable, as they have a lower acidity level compared to fresh grounds. This ensures that the pH balance of the soil remains optimal for gardenias.

Conclusion

Fertilizing your gardenias with coffee grounds can be a game-changer for the health and beauty of these delicate plants. By recycling your used coffee grounds, you can provide a natural and nutrient-rich boost to your gardenias without breaking the bank.

The high nitrogen content in coffee grounds promotes healthy foliage growth, while the acidity helps to maintain the ideal pH level for gardenias. Additionally, coffee grounds also act as a natural repellent against pests and diseases, further protecting your precious plants.

Remember to follow the guidelines we’ve discussed such as using organic coffee grounds and avoiding over-application. With a little bit of patience and regular use, you’ll soon notice the positive effects on your gardenias. So, start saving those coffee grounds and give your gardenias the TLC they deserve.

Your garden will thank you with vibrant blooms and lush greenery.

Dr Ahsanur Rahman, PhD, is a Bangladeshi forest researcher who has worked extensively on the ecology and management of the country's forests. He has authored or co-authored over 100 scientific papers and is widely recognized as an expert on the subject. Dr Rahman is currently working as a senior Research Officer at, Forest Protection Division (Forest Pathology), Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong, Bangladesh.